Compulsive overeating is a more classically recognized addiction disorder.

Dopamine is the recognized neurotransmitter for the classic substance abuse disorders and in the regulation of food reward and the hedonic aspects of appetite.

When enjoying your tasty donut, the last thing on your mind your long-term mental health. However, there is plenty of evidence to suggest that you should be thinking of just that. Most of us know the harm of too much sugar on our physical health. It can cause obesity, wide-spread inflammation, and poor dental health and can lead to diabetes. However, few understand the significant impact of a high sugar diet on our mental health. In this article, we will at how a diet filled with too many sweeteners, such as sugar, honey, maple syrup, high-fructose corn syrup, and molasses can have a detrimental impact on mental well-being.

1. Sugar and mental health: A toxic combination?

We all know how diet affects your physical health, but did you know that it can also have lasting effects on your mental health?  Regular consumption of meals high in sugar can affect your brain increasing your risk of developing mental illnesses and mood disorders like depression.

The science of sugar

Sugars are simple, soluble carbohydrates essential for cell and organ functioning. Our bodies have the ability to break complex carbohydrate molecules into simple sugars and as such, it is not necessary to take sugar in its simple form.

What happens to your neurons when you take too much sugar?

Neurons are very sensitive cells and are not well prepared for sugar level spikes. In fact, individuals with diabetes are at risk of neuronal damage. A study by researchers from the Department of Neurobiology at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China, performed on diabetic rats showed that high blood glucose, a simple sugar, led to inflammation and neuronal damage and death in the brain.

2. What is the link between sugar consumption and mental health?
   1. Inflammation
   

Inflammation is a natural process that helps the body protect itself from damage and also aids in the healing process. Regular consumption of refined carbohydrates and added sugars triggers inflammatory responses that can cause inflammation in the brain and lead to depression.

2. Stress responses

After consumption of a high sugar meal, one can become hypoglycemic, a condition characterized by very low blood sugar levels. Hypoglycemia occurs when too much insulin is produced following a high sugar meal. Insulin is the hormone that regulates blood sugar. This, in turn, causes the sugar circulating in the body to drop to levels lower than normal. Hypoglycemia can trigger several stress responses including confusion, irritability, insomnia, anxiety, and depression.

High insulin levels can also cause an imbalance of hormone estrogen and progesterone. A balance of these two hormones is important in keeping us happy and calm.

3. Obesity and depression

High consumption of refined carbohydrates and sugar is associated with excess body weight and obesity. Overweight and obese people are more likely than people with healthy weight to suffer from depression. Obesity can cause poor self-image, low self-esteem and social isolation, all known contributors to depression.

4. High release of dopamine

Due to the powerful impact sugar has on the mesolimbic dopamine system — the brain’s reward system — sweet foods are highly desirable. Just like drugs, sugar can activate this reward system causing the release of dopamine, a chemical that controls the brain’s reward and pleasure center making you crave more sugar because it makes you feel good. Short term surges in dopamine can be pleasurable, but high concentrations can cause depression and attention deficit disorder.

5. Increases the risk of mental illnesses

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a protein that promotes the survival of nerve cells and cognitive function. Low levels of this factor are associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. A diet rich in fats and refined sugar is associated with a low brain-derived neurotrophic factor increasing the risk of psychiatric disorders and depression.

6. Starving the Brain

When you consume excessive sugar, a lot of insulin is produced to push this sugar into cells for energy production. The resultant dip in blood sugar can alarm the body and the adrenal glands, making them work overtime.  These glands are charged with producing cortisol (which ultimately promotes insulin resistance or the lack of cellular response to insulin) and fight or flight chemicals that can get your heart racing, and rev up anxiety.  This will make you consume more sugar, which will inflict more suffering on your brain and potentially even putting you at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia, down the line.

7. Disrupting Hormones

When cortisol is in demand for its blood-sugar balancing effects, or because of other psychological or bodily stressors, the body “shunts” the production of progesterone to support further cortisol output. This makes evolutionary sense because if we are under stressful circumstances, preserving progesterone, our “pro-gestational” reproductive hormone, becomes secondary. Insulin can also stimulate the production of DHEA and sex hormones including testosterone, which can drive the pathology we see with the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Sugars have also been demonstrated to reduce liver production of sex hormone-binding globulin, freeing up testosterone and estrogen in ways that may promote symptoms of estrogen dominance including premenstrual moodiness and irritability.

3. What effects does sugar have on mental conditions?

• Depression & Schizophrenia: The rapid fluctuation of blood sugar can worsen mood disorders. Research has shown that high sugar can lead to an increased risk of depression and even worse outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Interestingly, countries with high sugar intake also have correspondingly high rates of depression.
• Anxiety: Although sugar does not increase your risk of anxiety, it can worsen your symptoms and weaken the body’s ability to respond to stress. By minimizing sugar, you can lessen the severity of anxiety symptoms, improve mood and improve the body’s ability to cope with stress.
• Addiction: There’s a growing amount of evidence of sugar’s addictive potential. Drugs and sugar both flood the brain with the “feel-good” chemical dopamine. In studies, rats have been shown to prefer sugar-water over cocaine. And they also display classic signs of addiction, including tolerance and withdrawal when the sugary products are removed.
• Learning & Memory: Sugar can affect how and how much we learn and remember. After 6 weeks of drinking a fructose solution, much like soda, rats “forgot” how to find their way out of a maze. Insulin resistance from a high sugar diet can damage communications between brain cells involved in learning and memory formation.

4. How do we avoid the pitfalls of sugar?

How easy is it to avoid sugar? We are bombarded with advertisements for convenience foods and tasty treats. But even seemingly healthful foods can have high levels of hidden sugars.

Breakfast cereals, sauces (including ketchup and pasta sauce), flavored milk, wholemeal bread, and many products labeled as low fat, such as fruit yogurts are such culprits.

Smoothies and fruit juices for children were in the spotlight last year in an article published in BMJ Open. It was noted that over 40 percent of products surveyed contained at least 19 grams of sugar – a child’s entire maximum daily amount of free sugars. High sugar levels have also been reported in baby and toddler food products.

Always remember to check the nutritional labels. While the list of ingredients might claim no added sugars, the nutrition facts panel will show the number of carbohydrates and sugars in the product.

What is the evidence that cutting down on sugars will have health benefits? Studies have shown that individuals who experience depression benefit from eating a healthful diet.

The next time a low mood threatens to spoil your day, remember where sugar is hidden in plain sight and look to other tasty treats to lift you out of the doldrums.

5. Do we need to limit our sugar?

Our bodies and minds were not designed to take in such immense amounts of sugar that have become the norm in American society. Thanks to ongoing research, we are more and more aware of the intricate link between diet and wellness. It has a significant role to play in both physical and mental health. Grappling with mental illness is difficult enough without having additional obstacles in your way. Make sure sugar isn’t making your situation harder than it needs to be.

Additionally, choosing foods that are low in refined ingredients, such as sugar, but high in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals can relieve the symptoms of depression. Scientists think that the power of these foods lies in promoting good brain health.

References:

1. Everhealth (2012): The Impact of Sugar on Mental Health. Retrieved from http://everhealth.net/patient-education/the-impact-of-sugar-on-mental-health

2. Medical News Today (2017): Sugar and mental health: A toxic combination? Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318818.php

3. Kelly Brogan:3 Ways Sugar Is Ruining Your Mental Health. Retrieved from https://kellybroganmd.com/3-ways-sugar-ruining-mental-health/

4. Neuroscience (2017): Sugar is Not So Sweet For Mental Health. Retrieved from https://neurosciencenews.com/sugar-mental-health-7194/

5. Standard Media (2018): The link between sugar and mental illnesses. Retrieved from https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001282656/link-between-sugar-and-mental-illnesses

6. NCBI (2014): Nod-like receptor protein 1 inflammasome mediates neuron injury under high glucose. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014157

Patients with chronic pain have a signaling mechanism, whether induced by medications or their endogenous pain, that causes them to seek out dopaminergic stimulation, to relieve their pain.

Some of these dopaminergic stimulation can be substituted by dietary intake.

Excessive nonnutritive dietary intake leads to obesity and visceral adipose tissue accumulation, which is inflammatory.

Excessive inflammatory mediators aggravate pain, and the cycle repeats.

Nearly 77% of the US population is now overweight. This dramatic change in the last 50 years is correlated with the availability of highly processed foods, and with a dramatic increase in chronic pain.

In a mouse model, high-calorie foods, which induces a dopamine release, disrupted normal feeding schedules, resulting in overconsumption.

Additionally, the “knockout” mouse model which had dopamine signaling disrupted, didn’t seek the dietary “rewarding pleasure,” maintained a normal eating schedule, and did not become obese.

Practical Conclusion:

Diet-induced obesity requires dopamine (DA)-Drd1 signaling

Avoid eating outside a normal eating window, typically less than eight hours out of 24, allowing glycogen depletion in the liver and preventing insulin resistance.

How is this relevant to chronic pain:

I practice in the field of interventional pain, addiction, and obesity/ metainflammation.
1. Patients with chronic pain have a signaling mechanism, whether induced by medications or their endogenous pain, that causes them to seek out dopaminergic stimulation, to relieve their pain.

2. Some of these dopaminergic stimulation can be substituted by dietary intake.

3. Excessive non-nutritive dietary intake leads to obesity and visceral adipose tissue accumulation, which is inflammatory.

4. Excessive inflammatory mediators aggravate pain, and the cycle repeats.

Obesity has become rampant in recent times. It is said to affect almost 50% of the American population. It has been credited with being a leading cause of chronic illness and ill health. The carnivore diet has become very popular as the new way to lose weight, maintain a healthy lifestyle and ward off diseases. A major proponent of this diet is its ability to melt away the fat. How effective is it in the management of obesity? Do its effects last? In this article we will explore the role this diet can play in the curbing of obesity.

1. What is obesity?

Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It is a medical problem that increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers. There are many reasons why some people have difficulty avoiding obesity. Usually, obesity results from a combination of inherited factors, combined with the environment and personal diet and exercise choices.

2. What is the Carnivore diet?

The Carnivore Diet is a restrictive diet that only includes meat, fish, and other animal foods like eggs and certain dairy products. It excludes all other foods, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, grains, nuts, and seeds. Its proponents also recommend eliminating or limiting dairy intake to foods that are low in lactose — a sugar found in milk and dairy products — such as butter and hard cheeses.

A good number of people who have adopted the carnivore diet report faster weight loss, improved mental clarity, healthier digestion, and even improved athletic performance. Some have also reported remarkable relief from debilitating chronic health problems where conventional means did not succeed.

1. What does one eat on the carnivore diet?

This is what you are likely to eat if you are on the carnivore diet:

–Below is the Green List that is, food you should be eating all the time with an emphasis on fattier cuts of meat to take in enough calories:

• Meat: beef, chicken, turkey, organ meats, lamb, pork, etc.
• Fish: salmon, mackerel, sardines, crab, lobster, tilapia, herring, etc.
• Other animal products: eggs, lard, bone marrow, bone broth, etc.
• Low-lactose dairy (in small amounts): heavy cream, hard cheese, butter, etc.
• Water

Generally, salt, pepper, and seasonings with no carbs are allowed.

– Below is the RED list of what you should NOT be eating:

• Vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, potatoes, green beans, peppers, etc.

• Fruits: apples, berries, bananas, kiwi, oranges, etc.
• High-lactose dairy: milk, yogurt, soft cheese, etc.
• Legumes: beans, lentils, etc.
• Nuts and seeds: almonds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, pistachios, etc.
• Grains: rice, wheat, bread, quinoa, pasta, etc.
• Alcohol: beer, wine, liquor, etc.
• Sugars: table sugar, maple syrup, brown sugar, etc.
• Beverages other than water: soda, coffee, tea, fruit juice, etc.

While some people incorporate some of these foods, a true Carnivore Diet does not permit them:

• Milk
• Yogurt
• Cheese

Coffee and tea: These may be plant-based, but some people keep these in the diet.

The carnivore diet can be considered to be a fad. Is there evidence that any traditional populations practiced the carnivore culture?

3. What effect might the carnivore diet have on obesity?

When on a carnivore diet, all you consume is meat, meat and more meat…Occasionally you could have some eggs and cheese and maybe a cup of coffee. What about this diet at a glance could help in combating obesity?

How does the carnivore diet work?

1. Cutting out sugar and carbohydrates

The absence of sugar and carbohydrates cause rapid and sustained fat loss without the need to count calories. Carbohydrates are hard to store and actually harmful if left to circulate in your system too long, so your body always wants to use them up first.

Your body releases insulin to shuttle blood sugar into muscles. To make sure the sugar gets used up first, insulin also tells your fat cells to store any fat you consume and to not release stored body fat for hours afterwards. If you eat a lot of easily-absorbed carbohydrates, your body releases a ton of insulin in response. Excess insulin can then remove too much sugar from your blood stream, resulting in hypoglycemia. The quickest way to restore blood sugar levels is to eat more carbs, which puts people on the carb roller coaster to weight gain.

The carnivore does away with all this by totally eliminating sugar and carbohydrates from your diet.

2. Eating a lot of protein suppresses appetite

One way that protein controls appetite is through the amino acid phenylalanine. Consumed protein is broken down into amino acids so it can be absorbed by the body. Multiple studies have shown how phenylalanine suppresses appetite and even improves mood and helps you burn stored fat. One study found that phenylalanine increases the release of an intestinal hormone called cholecystokinin in humans. This hormone signals the brain to feel satiated after eating and causes a reduction in subsequent food intake. A mouse study found that a single dose of phenylalanine caused an increase in another satiety hormone called GLP-1, it reduced levels of the hunger-hormone ghrelin.

3. Increase in dopamine

Protein foods are made from the building blocks of amino acids (including tyrosine), which are essential to the production of dopamine. It has therefore been suggested that upping protein intake may also boost dopamine production without increasing appetite. Dopamine is considered the reward-hormone and increasing its levels in your brain is helpful for making your weight loss diet less unpleasant.

4. The carnivore diet “imposes” time restricted eating

The carnivore diet tends to make people naturally adopt time-restricted eating patterns. Studies show that eating at night is a common cause of obesity. Junk food actually causes you to prefer late-night eating. Sugar and fat together, act as a trigger that cements the unhealthy habit of late-night eating. Worse yet, your body runs on an internal clock called circadian rhythms. These do more than set your sleep and wake times; they also determine your digestion and energy usage times. We’re meant to eat during the day and sleep at night. When you eat at night, your body doesn’t want to process those calories and instead they sit and cause metabolic dysfunction.

Protein does not seem to trigger a desire for late-night eating so the carnivore diet also helps curb that unhealthy practice. Late-night eating also reduces the quality of your sleep and poor sleep leads to poor eating the next day. Reduced sleep also increases stress and anxiety, so removing late-night eating not only improves weight loss, but helps your mood and overall feeling of well-being.

5. Does the carnivore diet stave off obesity?

There is a link between the Carnivore diet and sustained weight loss. In the absence of carbohydrates, fat can be kept off for long periods of time. The question becomes how safe it is to do the carnivore diet long term. More studies on this need to be carried out but in the meantime, this diet is one of the best in keeping obesity, and its associated diseases at bay.

References

1. Mayo Clinic (2019): Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

2. NCBI (1994):L-phenylalanine releases cholecystokinin (CCK) and is associated with reduced food intake in humans: evidence for a physiological role of CCK in control of eating. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8201963

3. NCBI (2012):The Carnivore Connection Hypothesis: Revisited, Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253466/

4. Lolo (2018):Carnivore Diet: Fad or the Future? Retrieved from http://unity.lolofit.com/blog/posts/carnivore-diet-fad-or-miracle-diet

5. Healthline (2019):All You Need to Know About the Carnivore (All-Meat) Diet. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/carnivore-diet